alevel商务知识点：AS各章节重要概念整理

 

　　想要学好alevel商务课，首先同学们要先掌握和运用alevel商务知识点和理论概念。为了帮助同学们更好的开展alevel商务课程的学习和备考，A+国际教育小编在本文中为大家整理了AS阶段alevel商务各章节中比较重要的核心概念，大家一定要牢记并且做到深入的理解和掌握！

Alevel商务知识点

　　Business Glossary

　　AS Level

　　Above-the-line promotion:a form of promotion thatis undertaken by a business by paying for communication with consumers

　　Accounts payable:value of debts for goodsbought on credit payable to suppliers;a.k.a.trade payable

　　Accounts receivable:the value of payments tobe received by customers who have bought goods on credit;a.k.a.trade receivables

　　Acid-test ratio:(current assets–inventory)/current liabilities

　　Added value:the difference between thecost of purchasing raw materials and the price the finished goods are sold for.

　　Advertising:paid-for communication with consumers to inform and persuade

　　Articles of Association:this document covers the internal workings and control of the business–for example,the names of directors and the procedures to be followed at meetings will be detailed.

　　Arithmetic mean:calculated by totaling all the results and dividing by the number of results

　　Asset:an item of monetary value that is owned by a business

　　Asset-led marketing:an approach to marketing that bases strategy on the firm’s existing strengths and assets instead of purely on what the customers want

　　Autocratic leadership:a style of leadership that keeps all decision-making at the center of the organization

　　Bad debt:unpaid customers’bills that are now very unlikely to ever be paid

　　Balance sheet:an accounting statement that records the values of a business’s assets,liabilities and shareholders’equity at one point of time

　　Bar chart:use bands of equal width but of varying length or height to represent relative values.

　　Batch production:producing a limited number of identical products–each item in the batch passes through one stage of production before passing on to the next stage

　　Below-the-line promotion:promotion that is not adirectly paid-for means of communication,but based on short-term incentives topurchase

　　Brand:an identifying symbol,name,image or trademark that distinguishes a product from its competitors

　　Branding:the strategy ofdifferentiating products from those of competitors by creating an identifiable image and clear expectations about a product

　　Break-even point of production:the level of output at which total costs equal total revenue–neither a profit nor loss is made

　　Buffer stocks:the minimum stocks that should be held to ensure that production could still take place should a delaying delivery occur or should production rates increase

　　Business plan:a detailed document giving evidence about a new or existing business,and that aims to convince external lenders and investors to extend finance to the business

　　Capital:factor of production including all man-made resources used by a business

　　Capital employed:the total value of alllong-term finance invested in the business

　　Capital expenditure:involves the purchase of assets that are expected to last for more than one year,such as building and machinery

　　Capital goods:the physical goods used by industry to aid in the production of other goods and services,such as machines.

　　Cash flow:the sum of cash paymentsto a business(inflows)less the sum of cash payments(outflows)

　　Cash flow forecast:estimate of a firm’s future cash inflows and outflows

　　Cash flow statement:record of the cash received by a business over a period of time and the cash outflows from the business

　　Cash inflows:payments in cash received by the business

　　Cash outflows:payments in cash made by the business

　　Channel of distribution:the chain of intermediaries a product passes through from producer to final consumer

　　Closed questions:questions to which a limited number of pre-set answers is offered

　　Closing cash balance:cash held at the end ofthe month;it becomes next month’s opening balance

　　Cluster sampling:using one or a number of specific groups to draw samples from and not selecting from the whole population,e.g.using one town or region

　　Command economy:economic resources owned,planned and controlled by public sector

　　Commission:a payment to a salesperson for each sale made

　　Competition-based pricing:a firm will base its price upon the price set by its competitors

　　Consumer goods:the physical and tangible goods sold to the general public;include durable(can be used morethan once)consumer goods,such as cars and washing machines,and non-durable(canbe used once)consumer goods,such as food and drinks.

　　Consumer markets:markets for goods and services bought by the final use of them

　　Consumer profile:a quantified picture of consumers of a firm’s products,showing proportions of age groups,income levels,location,gender and social class

　　Consumer services:the non-tangible products sold to the general public(include hotel accommodation,insurance,train journeys etc.)

　　Contribution per unit:selling price less variable cost per unit

　　Contribution-cost pricing:setting prices based on the variable costs of making a product in order to make a contribution towards fixed costs and profit

　　Corporate social responsibility(CSR):this concept applies to those businesses that consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their decisions and activities oncustomers,employees,communities and the environment

　　Cost of sales:a.k.a.cost of goods sold;the direct cost of purchasing the goods that were sold during the financial year

　　Credit control:monitoring of debts to ensure that credit periods are not exceeded

　　Creditors:suppliers who have agreed to supply products on credit and who have not yet been paid

　　Current assets:assets that are likely to be turned into cash before the next balance sheet date

　　Current liabilities:debts of the business that will usually have to be paid within one year

　　Current ratio:current assets/current liabilities

　　Customer relationship marketing(CRM):using marketing activities to establish successful customer relationships so that existing customer loyalty can be maintained

　　Debtors:customers who have bought products on credit and will pay cash at an agreed date in the future

　　Demand:the quantity of products consumers are willing and able to buy at a certain price for a particular period of time,ceteris paribus

　　Democratic leadership:a leadership style that promotes the active participation of workers in decision making

　　Direct costs:these costs can be clearly identified with each unit of production and can be allocated to a cost centre

　　Diseconomies of scale:factors that cause average costs of production to rise when the scale of operation is increased

　　Dismissal:being dismissed or sacked from a job due to incompetence or breach of discipline

　　Dividends:the share of the profits paid to shareholders as a return for investing in the company

　　Economic order quantity:the optimum or least-costquantity of stock to re-order taking into account the delivery costs andstock-holding costs

　　Economies of scale:reduction in a firm’s average costs of production that results from an increase in the scale of operations

　　Effectiveness:meeting the objectives ofthe enterprise by using inputs productively to meet customers’needs

　　Efficiency:producing output at the highest ratio of output to input

　　Emotional intelligence:the ability of managers to understand their own emotions,and those of the people they work with,to achieve better business performance

　　Employment contract:a legal document that setsout the terms and conditions governing a worker’s job

　　Entrepreneur:someone who takes the financial risk of starting and managing a new venture

　　Enterprise:a factor of production including the driving force of a business,the risk-taking and decision-makingunit of a business which organizes the other three factors of production.

　　Equilibrium price:the market price that equates supply and demand for a product

　　Equity finance:permanent finance raised by companies through the sale of shares

　　Ethical code of conduct:a document detailing acompany’s rules and guidelines on staff behavior that must be followed by all employees

　　Ethics:the moral guidelines that determine decision-making

　　Extension strategies:these are marketing plans to extend the maturity stage of the product before a brand new one is needed

　　Factoring:selling of claims overdebtors to a debt factor in exchange for immediate liquidity–only aproportion of the value of the debts will be received as cash

　　Fixed costs:costs that do not vary with output in the short run

　　Flexi-time contract:employment contract that allows staff to be called in at times most convenient to employers and employees,e.g.at busy times of the day

　　Flow production:producing items in acontinually moving process

　　Focus groups:a group of people who are asked about their attitude towards a product,service,advertisement or new style of packaging

　　Franchise:a business that uses the name,logo,and trading systems of an existing successful business

　　Free market economy:economic resources owned largely by the private sector with no or little state intervention

　　Full-cost pricing:setting a price by calculating a unit cost for the product(allocated fixed and variable costs)and then adding a fixed profit margin

　　Goodwill:arises when a business is valued at or sold for more than the balance sheet value of its assets

　　Gross profit:equal to sales revenue less cost of sales

　　Gross profit margin:gross profit/sales revenue*100

　　Hard HRM:an approach of managing staff that focuses on cutting costs,e.g.temporary and part-time employment contracts,offering maximum flexibility but with minimum training costs

　　High-quality profit:profit that can berepeated and sustained

　　Hire purchase:an asset is sold to acompany that agrees to pay fixed repayments over an agreed time period–the asset belongs to the company

　　Histograms:it is not the height ofeach bar that represents relative values,but the area of each bar.

　　Hourly wage rate:payment to a worker made for each hour worked

　　Human resource management(HRM):the strategic approach to the effective management of an organization’s workers so that they help the business gain a competitive advantage

　　Hygiene factors:aspects of a worker’s job that have the potential to cause dissatisfaction,such as pay,working conditions,status and over-supervision by managers

　　Income statement:records the revenue,costsand profit(or loss)of a business over a given period of time

　　Indirect costs:costs that cannot be identified with a unit of production or allocated accurately to a cost center

　　Induction training:introductory training programme to familiarize new recruits with the systems used in the business and the layout of the business site

　　Industrial markets:markets for goods and services bought by businesses to be used in the production process of other products

　　Informal leader:a person who has no formal authority but has the respect of colleagues and some power over them

　　Insolvent:when a business cannot meet its short-term debts

　　Intangible assets:items of value that do not have a physical presence,such as patents and trademarks

　　Integrated marketing mix:the key marketing decisions complement each other and work together to give customers aconsistent message about the product

　　Internal growth:expansion of a business by means of opening new branches,shops or factories(a.k.a.organic growth)

　　Internet marketing:the marketing of products over the Internet

　　Inter-quartile range:the range of the middle 50%of the data

　　Inventory:stock held by the businessin the form of materials,work in progress and finished goods

　　Job description:a detailed list of the keypoints about the job to be filled–stating all its key tasks and responsibilities

　　Job enlargement:attempting to increase the scope of a job by broadening or deepening the tasks undertaken

　　Job enrichment:aims to use the full capabilities of workers by giving them the opportunity to do more challenging and fulfilling work

　　Job redesign:involves the restructuringof a job–usually with employees’involvement and agreement–to make work more interesting,satisfying and challenging

　　Job production:producing a one-off item specially designed for the customer

　　Job rotation:increasing the flexibility of the workforce and the variety of work they do by switching from one job to another:

　　Joint venture:two or more businesses agree to work closely together on a particular project and create a separate business division to do so

　　Just-in-time:this stock-control method aims to avoid holding stocks by requiring supplies to arrive just as they are needed in production and completed products are produced to order

　　Labor:factor of production,including the workforce of a business,both skilled and unskilled

　　Laissez-faire leadership:a leadership style that leaves much of the business decision making to the workforce–a“hands-off”approach and the reverse of the autocratic leadership

　　Land:factor of production,including all natural resources used by a business

　　Lead time:the normal time taken between ordering new stocks and their delivery

　　Leadership:the art of motivating agroup of people towards achieving a common objective

　　Leasing:obtaining the use of equipment orvehicles and paying a rental or leasing charge over a fixed period.This avoids the need for the business to raise long-term capital to buy the asset.Ownership remains with the leasing company.

　　Liability:a financial obligation ofa business that it is required to pay in the future

　　Limited liability:the only potential loss as hareholder has if the company fails is the amount invested in the company,not the total wealth of the shareholder

　　Line graphs:most commonly used for showing changes in variables over a period of time;these are time-seriesgraphs

　　Liquidation:when a firm ceases trading nd its assets are sold for cash to pay suppliers and other creditors

　　Liquidity:the ability of a firm tobe able to pay its short-term debts

　　Long-term bonds:bonds issued by companies to raise debt finance,often with a fixed rate of interest

　　Long-term loans:loans that do not have torepaid for at least one year

　　Low-quality profit:one-off profit that cannot easily repeated or sustained

　　Management by objectives(MBO):a method of coordinating and motivating all staff in an organization by dividing its overall aim into specific targets for each department,manager and employee

　　Manager:responsible for setting objectives,organizing resources and motivating staff so that the organization’s aims aremet

　　Margin of safety:the amount by which the sales level exceeds the break-even level of output

　　Marginal costs:the extra cost of producing one more unit of output

　　Market capitalization:the total value of a company’s issued shares

　　Market growth:the percentage change inthe total size of a market(volume or value)over a period of time

　　Market orientation:an outward-looking approach basing product decisions on consumer demand,as established by market research

　　Market research:this is the process of collecting,recording and analyzing data about the customers,competition andthe market

　　Market segment:a sub-group of a wholemarket in which consumers have similar characteristics

　　Market segmentation:identifying different segments within a market and targeting different products or services to them

　　Market share:sales of the business as aproportion of total market sales

　　Market size:the total level of salesof all producers within a market

　　Market skimming:setting a high price for anew product when a firm has a unique or highly differentiated product with low elasticity of demand

　　Marketing:the management task that links the business to the customer by identifying and meeting the needs of customers profitably–it does this by getting the right product at the right price to the right place at the right time

　　Marketing mix:the four key decisions that must be taken in the effective marketing of a product

　　Marketing objectives:the goals set for the marketing department to help the business achieve its overall objectives

　　Marketing strategy:long-term plan established for achieving marketing objectives

　　Mark-up pricing:adding a fixed mark-up for profit to the unit price of a product

　　Mass customization:the use of flexible computer-aided production systems to produce items to meet individual customers’requirements at mass production cost levels

　　Mass marketing:selling the same productsto the whole market with no attempt to target groups within it

　　Median:the value of the middle item when data have been ordered or ranked.It divides the data into two equal parts

　　Memorandum of Association:a document stating the name of the company,the address of the head office through which it can be contacted,the maximum share capital for which the company seeks authorization and the declared aims of the business

　　Mission statement:a statement of the business’s core aims,phrased in a way to motivate employees and to stimulate interest by outside groups

　　Mixed economy:economic resources are owned and controlled by both private and public sectors

　　Mode:the value that occurs most frequentlyin a set of data

　　Motivating factors:aspects of a worker’s job that can lead to positive job satisfaction,such as achievement,recognition,meaningful and interesting work and advancement at work

　　Motivation:the internal and external factors that stimulate people to take actions that lead to achieving a goal

　　Multi-site location:a business that operates from more than one location

　　Multinational:a business with operations and production based in more than one country

　　Net monthly cash flow:estimated difference between monthly cash inflows and outflows

　　Net profit:gross profit minus overheads

　　Net profit margin:net profit/sales revenue*100

　　Niche marketing:identifying and exploitinga small segment of a larger market by developing products to suit it

　　Non-current assets:assets to be kept and usedby the business for more than one year;a.k.a.fixed assets

　　Non-current liabilities:value of debts of the business that will be payable after more than one year

　　Off-the-job training:all training undertakenaway from the business,e.g.work-related college courses

　　Offshoring:the relocation of abusiness process done in one country to the same or another company in another country

　　On-the-job training:instruction at the placeof work on how a job should be carried out

　　Open questions:those that invite awide-ranging or imaginative response–the results will be difficult to collateand present numerically

　　Opening cash balance:cash held by the business at the start of the month

　　Operational flexibility:the ability of a businessto vary both the level of production and the range of products following changes in customer demand

　　Operations planning:preparing input resources to supply products to meet expected demand

　　Opportunity cost:the benefit of the next most desired option which is given up

　　Optimal location:a business location that gives the best combination of quantitative and qualitative factors

　　Outsourcing:not employing staff directly,but using an outside agency or organization to carry out some business functions

　　Overdraft:bank agrees to a business borrowing up to an agreed limit as and when required

　　Overtrading:expanding a business rapidly without obtaining all of the necessary finance so that a cash-flowshortage develops

　　Partnership:a business formed by twoor more people to carry on a business together,with shared capital investment and,usually,shared responsibilities

　　Part-time employment contract:employment contract thatis for less than the normal full working week of,say,40 hours,e.g.eighthours per week

　　Paternalistic leadership:a leadership style basedon the approach that the manager is in a better position than the workers toknow what is best for the organization

　　Penetration pricing:setting a relatively lowprice often supported by strong promotion in order to achieve a high volume ofsales

　　Performance-related pay:a bonus scheme to reward staff for above-average work performance

　　Person specification:a detailed list of the qualities,skills and qualifications that a successful applicant will need tohave

　　Personal selling:a member of the sales staff communicates with one customer with the aim of selling the product and establishing a long-term relationship between company and consumer

　　Pie chart:used to display data that need tobe presented in such a way that the proportions of the total are clearly shown

　　Piece rate:a payment to worker foreach unit produced

　　Price elasticity of demand:a numerical measure showing the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price

　　Primary research:the collection offirst-hand data that is directly related to a firm’s needs

　　Primary sector:a sector of economic activity including businesses engaged in extraction of natural resources

　　Private limited company:a small or medium-sizebusiness that is owned by shareholders who are often members of the same family;cannot sell shares to the general public

　　Private sector:comprises of businesses owned and controlled by individuals or groups of individuals

　　Process innovation:the use of a new or much improved production method or service delivery method

　　Product:the end result of the production process sold on the market to satisfy a customer need

　　Product differentiation:making a product distinctive so that it stands out from competitors’products in consumers’perception

　　Product orientation:an inward-looking approach that focuses on making products that can be made–or have been made for a long time–and then trying to sell them

　　Product positioning:the pattern of sales recorded by a product from launch to withdrawal from the market

　　Production:converting inputs into outputs

　　Productivity:the ratio of outputs toinputs during production,e.g.output per worker per time period

　　Profit after tax:operating profit minus interest costs and corporation tax

　　Profit sharing:a bonus for staff based onthe profits of the business–usually paid as a proportion of basic salary

　　Promotion:the use of advertising,sales promotion,personal selling,direct mail,trade fairs,sponsorship and public relations to inform consumers and persuade them to buy

　　Promotion budget:the financial amount made available by a business for spending on marketing/promotion during a certain time period

　　Promotion mix:the combination of promotional techniques that a firm uses to sell a product

　　Public corporation:a business enterprise owned and controlled by the state(a.k.a.nationalized industry)

　　Public limited company:a limited company,often alarge business,with the legal right to sell shares to the general public–share prices are quoted on the national stock exchange

　　Public relations:the deliberate use of free publicity provided by newspapers,TV and other media to communicate with and achieve understanding by the public

　　Public sector:comprises of organizations accountable to and controlled by central or local government

　　Qualitative factors:non-measurable factorsthat may influence business decisions

　　Qualitative research:research into the in-depth motivations behind consumer buying behavior or opinions

　　Quality circles:voluntary groups ofworkers who meet regularly to discuss work-related problems and issues

　　Quantitative factors:these are measurable infinancial terms and will have a direct impact on either the costs of a site orthe revenues from it and its profitability

　　Quantitative research:research that leads tonumerical results that can be statistically analyzed

　　Quota sampling:when the population has been stratified and the interviewer selects an appropriate number ofrespondents in each stratum

　　Random sampling:every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected

　　Range:the difference between the highest and the lowest value

　　Recruitment:the process of identifying the need for a new employee,defining the job to be filled and the type of person needed to fill it,attracting suitable candidates for the job and selecting the best one

　　Re-order quantity:the number of units ordered each time

　　Redundancy:when a job is no longer required,so the employee doing this job becomes redundant through no fault ofhis or her own

　　Retained profit:the profit left after all deductions,including dividends,have been made.This is“ploughed back”intothe company as a source of finance.

　　Revenue expenditure:spending on all costs andassets other than fixed assets and includes wages and salaries and materials bought for stock

　　Rights issue:existing shareholders are given the right to buy additional shares at a discounted price

　　Salary:annual income that is usually paid on a monthly basis

　　Sales promotion:incentives such as special offers or special deals directed at consumers or retailers to achieveshort-term sales increases and repeat purchases by consumers

　　Sales turnover:total value of sales madeby a business in a given time period;a.k.a.sales revenue;equal to sellingprice X quantity sold

　　Sample:the group of people taking part in amarket research survey selected to be representative of the overall target market

　　Scale of operation:the maximum output thatcan be achieved using the available inputs(resources)–this scale can only be increased in the long term by employing more of all inputs

　　Secondary research:collection of data from second-hand sources

　　Secondary sector:a sector of economic activity where resources extracted by primary sector businesses are processed and manufactured into final goods

　　Self-actualization:a sense of self-fulfillment reached by feeling enriched and developed by what one has learned and achieved

　　Share:a certificate confirming partownership of a company and entitling the shareholder owner dividends and certain shareholder rights

　　Share capital:the total value of capital raised from shareholders by the issue of shares

　　Shareholder:a person or institution owning shares in a limited company

　　Shareholders’equity:total value of assets minus total value of liabilities

　　Social audit:a report on the impact abusiness has on society(it could cover pollution levels,health and safetyrecord,source of supplies,customer satisfaction and contribution to the community)

　　Social enterprise:a business with mainly social objectives that reinvests most of its profits into benefiting society rather than maximizing returns to owners

　　Societal marketing:this approach considersnot only the demands for consumers but also the effects on all members of thepublic(society)involved in some way when firms meet these demands

　　Soft HRM:an approach to managing staff that focuses on developing staff so that they reach self-fulfillment and are motivated to work hard and stay with the business

　　Sole trader:a business in which one person provides the permanent finance and,in return,has full control of the business and is able to keep all of the profits

　　Sponsorship:payment by a company tothe organizers of an event so that the company name becomes associated with the event

　　Staff appraisal:the process of assessing the effectiveness of an employee judged against pre-set objectives

　　Stakeholder:people or groups of people who can be affected by,and therefore have an interest in any action by anorganization

　　Stakeholder concept:the view that businesses and their managers have responsibilities to a wide range of groups,not just shareholders

　　Start-up capital:capital needed by an entrepreneur to set up a business

　　Stock:materials and goods required to allow for the production and supply of products to the customer

　　Stratified sampling:this draws a sample from a specified sub-group or segment of the population and uses random sampling to select an appropriate number from each stratum

　　Supply:the quantity of products producers are willing and able to sell at a certain price for a particular period oftime,ceteris paribus

　　Systematic sampling:every nth item in the target population is selected

　　Target pricing:setting a price that willgive a required rate of return at a certain level of output/sales

　　Teleworking:staff working from home but keeping contact with the office by means of modern IT communications

　　Temporary employment contract:employment contract that lasts for a fixed time period,e.g.six months

　　Tertiary sector:a sector of economic activity including businesses engaged in providing services to customers

　　Team working:production is organized sothat groups of workers undertake complete units of work

　　Trade barriers:taxes(tariffs)or other limitations on the free international movement of goods and services

　　Training:work-related education to increase workforce skills and efficiency

　　Triple bottom line:the three objectives of social enterprise(economic,social and environmental)

　　Unfair dismissal:ending a worker’s employment contract for a reason that the law regards as being unfair

　　Unique selling point(USP):the special feature of aproduct that differentiates it from competitors’products

　　Variable costs:costs that vary with a change in output

　　Venture capital:risk capital invested in business start-ups or expanding small businesses that have good profit potential but do not find it easy to gain finance from other sources

　　Viral marketing:the use of social networking sites or SMS text messages to increase brand awareness or sell products

　　Window dressing:presenting the company accounts in a favorable light–to flatter the business performance

　　Worker participation:workers are actively encouraged to become involved in decision making within the organization

　　Workforce audit:a check on the skills and qualifications of all existing managers/employees

　　Workforce planning:analyzing and forecasting the numbers of workers and the skills of those workers that will be required by the organization to achieve its objectives

　　Working capital:the capital needed topay for day-to-day running costs and credit offered to customers.It is equalto current assets minus current liabilities.

　　以上就是A+国际教育小编关于一些AS阶段Alevel商务知识点的分享，希望能够对同学们的学习有所帮助。更多Alevel课程相关问题，欢迎随时咨询我们的线上老师，让专业的alevel课程辅导老师一对一指导你alevel课程的学习吧！